Blood Pressure

Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels as it circulates throughout the body. It is a vital sign that is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is typically expressed as two numbers: systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number).

What is Normal Blood Pressure?

A normal blood pressure reading is typically considered to be less than 120/80 mmHg. However, the American Heart Association defines the following categories:

• Normal blood pressure: Less than 120/80 mmHg
• Elevated blood pressure: 120-129/80 mmHg
• Stage 1 hypertension: 130-139/80-89 mmHg
• Stage 2 hypertension: 140 or higher/90 or higher mmHg

Causes of High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Genetics: Family history can play a role in the development of high blood pressure
• Age: Blood pressure tends to increase with age
• Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase blood pressure
• Physical inactivity: Lack of exercise can contribute to high blood pressure
• Sodium intake: Consuming too much sodium can increase blood pressure
• Stress: Chronic stress can raise blood pressure
• Certain medical conditions: Such as kidney disease, sleep apnea, and adrenal gland tumors

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure often does not have any noticeable symptoms, but it can cause:

• Headaches: Severe headaches can be a symptom of high blood pressure
• Dizziness: Dizziness or lightheadedness can occur when blood pressure is elevated
• Nosebleeds: Frequent nosebleeds can be a sign of high blood pressure
• Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of high blood pressure

Treatment and Management

Treatment for high blood pressure typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. Lifestyle changes may include:

• Dietary changes: Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in sodium and rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking or other aerobic exercises
• Weight loss: Losing weight if overweight or obese
• Stress reduction: Practicing stress-reducing techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing

Medications may also be prescribed to help lower blood pressure. These can include:

• Diuretics: Help the body get rid of excess fluid and salt
• Beta blockers: Slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure
• ACE inhibitors: Relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure
• Calcium channel blockers: Relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure

Complications of Untreated High Blood Pressure

If left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to a range of serious health complications, including:

• Heart disease: High blood pressure can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases
• Kidney disease: High blood pressure can damage the kidneys and lead to kidney failure
• Vision loss: High blood pressure can cause vision problems and even blindness
• Cognitive decline: High blood pressure has been linked to an increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is blood pressure?
The force of blood against artery walls.

What are normal blood pressure levels?
Less than 120/80 mmHg.

What is high blood pressure?
140/90 mmHg or higher.

What is low blood pressure?
90/60 mmHg or lower.

How often should I check my blood pressure?
At least once a year.

Can exercise affect blood pressure?
Yes, it can help lower it.

Does diet impact blood pressure?
Yes, a healthy diet can help manage it.

Can stress increase blood pressure?
Yes, temporarily.

Are there any symptoms of high blood pressure?
Often none, but can include headaches.

Can blood pressure be controlled without medication?
Sometimes, with lifestyle changes.