Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver that stores bile to aid in digestion.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Gallstones: The most common cause of cholecystitis is the presence of gallstones, which can block the cystic duct and prevent bile from flowing out of the gallbladder.
• Bile duct obstruction: Blockage of the bile ducts can also lead to cholecystitis.
• Bacterial infection: Bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae can infect the gallbladder and cause inflammation.
• Trauma: Physical injury to the abdomen can cause cholecystitis.
• Other medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity, may increase the risk of developing cholecystitis.

Symptoms

• Abdominal pain: Severe pain in the upper right or middle abdomen that may radiate to the back or right shoulder.
• Nausea and vomiting: Feeling queasy or vomiting, especially after eating fatty foods.
• Fever: Elevated body temperature, usually above 100.4°F (38°C).
• Chills: Feeling cold or having chills, even if the body temperature is normal.
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile buildup in the blood.

Diagnosis

• Physical examination: A doctor will perform a physical exam to check for tenderness in the abdomen.
• Imaging tests:
  • Ultrasound: Uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the gallbladder and bile ducts.
  • Computed Tomography (CT) scan: Uses X-rays and computer technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the abdomen.
  • Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): A type of MRI that focuses on the bile ducts and pancreas.
• Blood tests: To check for signs of infection, inflammation, or liver damage.

Treatment

• Antibiotics: To treat bacterial infections.
• Pain management: Medications to control pain and discomfort.
• Fluid replacement: Intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration.
• Surgery:
  • Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder, which may be performed laparoscopically or through an open incision.
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A procedure to remove blockages from the bile ducts.

Complications

• Gangrene: Tissue death in the gallbladder due to lack of blood flow.
• Perforation: Rupture of the gallbladder, which can lead to peritonitis (inflammation of the lining surrounding the abdominal organs).
• Sepsis: A life-threatening condition that occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause a severe infection.

Prevention

• Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity increases the risk of developing gallstones and cholecystitis.
• Eat a balanced diet: A diet low in fat and high in fiber can help reduce the risk of gallstone formation.
• Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help improve overall health and reduce the risk of gallbladder disease.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the gallbladder.

What causes cholecystitis?
Gallstones blocking the cystic duct.

What are symptoms of cholecystitis?
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever.

Where is the pain located?
Right upper abdomen.

How is cholecystitis diagnosed?
Ultrasound, CT scan, blood tests.

Can cholecystitis be treated with medication?
Yes, antibiotics and pain relievers.

Is surgery necessary for cholecystitis?
Sometimes, to remove the gallbladder.

What is the name of the surgical procedure?
Cholecystectomy.

Can cholecystitis lead to complications?
Yes, such as gangrene or perforation.

How can cholecystitis be prevented?
Maintaining a healthy weight and diet.