Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced by the adrenal gland and can also be synthesized artificially for medical use.

Types of Corticosteroids

• Glucocorticoids: These corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory properties and are used to treat conditions such as asthma, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Examples include prednisone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone.
• Mineralocorticoids: These corticosteroids help regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body. An example is aldosterone.

Medical Uses of Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including:

• Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Allergic reactions and anaphylaxis
• Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis
• Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• Skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis
• Cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma
• Organ transplantation to prevent rejection

Administration of Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids can be administered in various ways, including:

• Oral: Tablets or liquid taken by mouth
• Intravenous (IV): Injected into a vein
• Intramuscular (IM): Injected into a muscle
• Topical: Applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes
• Inhaled: Used in inhalers for asthma and COPD

Side Effects of Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids can cause a range of side effects, including:

• Weight gain and changes in appetite
• Mood changes, such as anxiety, irritability, and insomnia
• Increased blood sugar levels
• Increased risk of infections
• Osteoporosis and bone thinning
• Cataracts and glaucoma
• Acne and skin changes

Contraindications and Precautions

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in certain individuals, including:

• Pregnant or breastfeeding women
• People with diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease
• Those with a history of osteoporosis or bone fractures
• Individuals with active infections or tuberculosis

Withdrawal from Corticosteroids

When stopping corticosteroid therapy, it is essential to taper the dose gradually to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which can include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headaches and dizziness
• Joint pain and stiffness

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are corticosteroids?
Medications that reduce inflammation and swelling.

How do corticosteroids work?
By suppressing the immune system's response.

What conditions are treated with corticosteroids?
Asthma, arthritis, allergies, and skin conditions.

What forms do corticosteroids come in?
Pills, injections, creams, and inhalers.

How long does it take for corticosteroids to work?
Varies, but often within hours or days.

What are common side effects of corticosteroids?
Weight gain, mood changes, and insomnia.

Can corticosteroids be used long-term?
Yes, but under close medical supervision.

Do corticosteroids interact with other medications?
Yes, including blood thinners and diabetes medications.

Can pregnant women take corticosteroids?
Only under strict medical guidance.

How are corticosteroid doses determined?
Based on individual patient needs and condition severity.