Epistaxis

Epistaxis, also known as a nosebleed, is the medical term for bleeding from the nose. It is a common condition that can occur in people of all ages.

Causes of Epistaxis

• Dry air: Low humidity can dry out the nasal mucosa, making it more susceptible to bleeding.
• Nasal trauma: Blows to the nose, picking or rubbing the nose, and other forms of physical trauma can cause epistaxis.
• Upper respiratory infections: Colds, sinusitis, and other viral or bacterial infections can cause inflammation and bleeding in the nasal passages.
• Allergies: Allergic reactions can cause nasal congestion, sneezing, and irritation, which may lead to epistaxis.
• Anatomical abnormalities: Deviated septum, nasal polyps, and other structural issues can increase the risk of nosebleeds.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin), antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin), and decongestants, can increase the risk of epistaxis.
• Hypertension: High blood pressure can cause blood vessels in the nose to become fragile and prone to bleeding.

Symptoms of Epistaxis

• Bleeding from one or both nostrils
• Red or pink discharge from the nose
• Clots or streaks of blood in the nasal mucus
• Pain or discomfort in the nose or face
• Swelling or bruising around the nose and eyes

Types of Epistaxis

• Anterior epistaxis: Bleeding occurs in the front part of the nose, which is the most common type.
• Posterior epistaxis: Bleeding occurs in the back part of the nose, which can be more severe and difficult to control.

Treatment and Management of Epistaxis

• First aid measures: Pinching the nostrils shut, applying ice packs, and elevating the head can help stop the bleeding.
• Nasal packing: Gauze or special nasal packs may be inserted into the nose to apply pressure and stop the bleeding.
• Cauterization: A chemical or electrical cauterization may be used to seal the bleeding blood vessel.
• Medications: Topical vasoconstrictors, such as oxymetazoline, may be prescribed to reduce bleeding.
• Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged blood vessels or correct anatomical abnormalities.

Complications of Epistaxis

• Anemia: Severe or recurrent epistaxis can lead to anemia due to excessive blood loss.
• Infection: Bacterial infections can occur if the nasal passages are not properly cleaned and cared for after a nosebleed.
• Scarring: Repeated or severe epistaxis can cause scarring in the nasal passages, leading to breathing difficulties or other complications.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is epistaxis?
Nosebleed.

What causes epistaxis?
Dry air, trauma, allergies, colds, or high blood pressure.

How common is epistaxis?
Very common, affecting up to 60% of population.

What are the symptoms of epistaxis?
Blood flowing from one or both nostrils.

Is epistaxis usually serious?
Usually not, but can be if heavy or prolonged.

How do you stop epistaxis?
Apply pressure, lean forward, and stay upright.

Can epistaxis be prevented?
Yes, by humidifying air and avoiding nose picking.

When to seek medical help for epistaxis?
If bleeding is heavy, prolonged, or recurrent.

Can children get epistaxis?
Yes, common in children due to nose picking or dry air.

How long does epistaxis usually last?
Few minutes to less than 30 minutes.