Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) refers to a range of procedures that involve the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.

Types of FGM

• Type I: This is the most common form, involving the removal of the prepuce (the hood of the clitoris) with or without excision of part or all of the clitoris.
• Type II: This involves the removal of the clitoris along with partial or total excision of the labia minora.
• Type III: Also known as infibulation, this is the most severe form and involves the removal of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening (introitus).
• Type IV: This includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterization.

Prevalence and Geographic Distribution

FGM is practiced in at least 30 countries globally, with the majority being in Africa. However, it also occurs in other parts of the world, including Asia, the Middle East, and among immigrant communities in Western countries.

Health Risks and Complications

FGM can lead to a variety of immediate and long-term health complications, including:

• Severe pain
• Bleeding and hemorrhage
• Infection
• Urinary retention
• Chronic pelvic infections
• Cysts and abscesses
• Infertility
• Complications during childbirth
• Psychological trauma

Social and Cultural Context

FGM is often deeply rooted in cultural, social, and economic factors within practicing communities. It may be seen as a rite of passage to womanhood, a means to ensure chastity before marriage, or to increase marriageability.

Laws and International Response

Many countries have outlawed FGM, and it is also prohibited by several international human rights treaties and conventions. The United Nations, through various agencies such as UNICEF, WHO, and UNFPA, has been actively involved in efforts to eliminate FGM.

Efforts to Eradicate FGM

Organizations and governments are working together to end FGM through education, community engagement, legal enforcement, and providing support to survivors. This includes raising awareness about the harmful effects of FGM, promoting alternative rites of passage, and supporting healthcare providers in managing complications and preventing the practice.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?
FGM is a procedure that involves partial or total removal of female genitalia.

Why is FGM performed?
FGM is often performed due to cultural, religious, or social reasons.

Is FGM legal?
FGM is illegal in many countries, including the US and UK.

What are the health risks of FGM?
Health risks include infection, bleeding, and infertility.

Can FGM be reversed?
Some forms of FGM can be surgically reversed.

How common is FGM?
Over 200 million women worldwide have undergone FGM.

At what age is FGM typically performed?
FGM is often performed on girls under the age of 15.

Is FGM a form of violence against women?
Yes, FGM is considered a human rights violation and form of violence.

Can FGM cause long-term health problems?
Yes, FGM can lead to chronic pain, urinary issues, and mental health problems.

Are there different types of FGM?
Yes, there are four main types of FGM, ranging from partial removal to total removal of genitalia.