Hematemesis

Hematemesis is the medical term for vomiting blood. It is a symptom that can be caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from mild to life-threatening.

Causes

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Peptic ulcers
• Gastritis
• Esophagitis
• Mallory-Weiss syndrome (tear in the mucous membrane or lining of the lower end of the esophagus, where it connects to the stomach)
• Varices (enlarged veins) in the esophagus or stomach, often due to liver disease
• Tumors or cancer of the stomach or esophagus
• Ingestion of caustic substances
• Bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease
• Use of anticoagulant medications, such as warfarin or aspirin

Symptoms

• Vomiting blood or coffee ground-like material
• Black, tarry stools (melena)
• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weakness or fatigue
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Shortness of breath

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hematemesis typically involves a combination of the following:

• Physical examination and medical history
• Endoscopy (upper GI endoscopy) to visualize the upper digestive tract
• Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, to rule out other conditions
• Blood tests to check for anemia, blood clotting disorders, and liver function

Treatment

Treatment of hematemesis depends on the underlying cause and may involve:

• Fluid replacement and blood transfusions to stabilize vital signs
• Medications to reduce stomach acid, such as proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers
• Endoscopic procedures to stop bleeding or remove varices
• Surgery to repair ulcers, remove tumors, or treat other underlying conditions

Complications

If left untreated, hematemesis can lead to:

• Anemia and decreased oxygen delivery to organs
• Shock and organ failure
• Infection and sepsis
• Death

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is hematemesis?
Vomiting blood or bloody material.

What are the common causes of hematemesis?
Ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, cancer, and bleeding disorders.

Is hematemesis a medical emergency?
Yes, it requires immediate attention.

What are the symptoms associated with hematemesis?
Vomiting blood, abdominal pain, dizziness, and weakness.

How is hematemesis diagnosed?
Endoscopy, imaging tests, and blood tests.

Can hematemesis be life-threatening?
Yes, if not treated promptly.

What are the risk factors for hematemesis?
Age, smoking, alcohol use, and certain medications.

How is hematemesis treated?
Medications, endoscopy, and surgery.

Can hematemesis be prevented?
Managing underlying conditions and avoiding irritants.

When should I seek medical help for hematemesis?
Immediately if vomiting blood or experiencing severe symptoms.