Intestinal Obstruction

Intestinal obstruction is a serious medical condition that occurs when the small intestine or large intestine (colon) becomes blocked, preventing normal flow of food, fluids, and gas through the intestines.

Causes

• Adhesions: Bands of fibrous tissue that can form between loops of intestine or between the intestine and other organs, often as a result of previous surgery or inflammation.
• Hernias: Protrusions of an organ or tissue through a weakened area in the muscle or connective tissue that normally holds it in place.
• Tumors: Abnormal growths that can block the intestine, either by growing into the lumen (the space inside the intestine) or by compressing the intestine from outside.
• Intussusception: A condition in which a segment of intestine telescopes into an adjacent segment, causing obstruction.
• Volvulus: A twisting of a portion of the intestine around its base, cutting off blood flow and leading to obstruction.
• Foreign bodies: Objects that have been swallowed or inserted into the rectum and become lodged in the intestine.
• Inflammatory bowel disease: Conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which can cause narrowing of the intestine and lead to obstruction.

Symptoms

• Severe abdominal pain: Crampy or colicky pain that may be constant or intermittent.
• Nausea and vomiting: May occur, especially if the obstruction is high in the small intestine.
• Bloating and gas: Feeling of fullness or discomfort in the abdomen.
• Constipation: Inability to pass stool or gas.
• Fever: May occur if there is an underlying infection or inflammation.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of intestinal obstruction typically involves a combination of the following:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Imaging studies: X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the intestine and identify any blockages.
• Endoscopy: A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the mouth or rectum to visualize the inside of the intestine.
• Laboratory tests: Blood tests to check for signs of infection, inflammation, or electrolyte imbalances.

Treatment

Treatment of intestinal obstruction depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Options may include:

• Fluid replacement: To prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
• Nasogastric suction: To remove stomach contents and relieve vomiting.
• Bowel rest: Avoiding food and drink to allow the intestine to recover.
• Medications: To manage pain, nausea, and vomiting.
• Surgery: To remove any blockages or repair any underlying conditions that are causing the obstruction.

Complications

If left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications, including:

• Tissue death (necrosis): Due to lack of blood flow to the affected segment of intestine.
• Perforation: Rupture of the intestine, leading to peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity).
• Sepsis: A life-threatening condition that occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection.
• Malnutrition: Due to inability to absorb nutrients from food.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is an intestinal obstruction?
Blockage that prevents normal flow of food, fluid, and gas through intestines.

What are the symptoms of intestinal obstruction?
Severe abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, bloating, and lack of bowel movements.

What causes intestinal obstruction?
Adhesions, hernias, tumors, volvulus, intussusception, and inflammatory bowel disease.

How is intestinal obstruction diagnosed?
Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans.

Can intestinal obstruction be treated with medication?
Sometimes, but often requires surgery or other interventions.

What are the complications of intestinal obstruction?
Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, tissue death, and perforation.

How long does it usually take to recover from intestinal obstruction surgery?
Several days to weeks, depending on the individual and severity.

Can intestinal obstruction be prevented?
Sometimes, by avoiding certain foods, managing underlying conditions, and getting regular check-ups.

Is intestinal obstruction a life-threatening condition?
Yes, if left untreated or if complications occur.

Who is at risk for developing intestinal obstruction?
People with history of abdominal surgery, hernias, or certain medical conditions.