Loss of Smell (Anosmia)

Loss of smell, also known as anosmia, is a condition where a person is unable to perceive smells. It can be temporary or permanent and can affect one or both nostrils.

Causes

• Viral infections: Such as the common cold, flu, and COVID-19, which can cause inflammation in the nasal passages and damage to the olfactory epithelium, leading to loss of smell.
• Nasal polyps: Growths that can block the nasal passages and reduce the ability to smell.
• Allergies: Such as hay fever, which can cause congestion and inflammation in the nasal passages, leading to loss of smell.
• Head injuries: Trauma to the head can damage the olfactory nerve, leading to loss of smell.
• Neurological disorders: Such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, which can affect the brain's ability to process smells.
• Certain medications: Such as antibiotics, antihistamines, and decongestants, which can alter the sense of smell.
• Aging: The sense of smell can decline with age, especially after the age of 60.

Symptoms

• Reduced or complete loss of ability to smell
• Distorted sense of smell (phantosmia)
• Decreased ability to taste food and drinks
• Nasal congestion or discharge

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of:

• Medical history
• Physical examination
• Smell tests (e.g. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test)
• Imaging studies (e.g. CT or MRI scans) to rule out underlying conditions

Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Steroids to reduce inflammation
• Surgery to remove nasal polyps or other obstructions
• Olfactory training (smell therapy) to help regain the sense of smell

Complications

Prolonged loss of smell can lead to:

• Nutritional deficiencies due to decreased appetite
• Safety risks (e.g. inability to detect gas leaks or spoiled food)
• Emotional distress and reduced quality of life

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is loss of smell called?
Anosmia.

What causes loss of smell?
Viral infections, head injuries, sinus problems.

Can a cold cause loss of smell?
Yes.

Is loss of smell permanent?
Sometimes.

How is loss of smell diagnosed?
Smell tests and medical history.

Can loss of smell be treated?
Depending on the cause.

Are there any home remedies for loss of smell?
None proven.

Can allergies cause loss of smell?
Yes.

Is loss of smell a symptom of other conditions?
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's.

Can age affect sense of smell?
Yes.