Peanut Allergy

A peanut allergy is a type of food allergy that occurs when the body's immune system reacts to peanuts as if they were harmful. This reaction can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of peanut allergy is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some people are more likely to develop a peanut allergy if they have:

• A family history of allergies, including peanut allergy
• A personal history of other allergies, such as eczema or asthma
• Other conditions that affect the immune system, such as atopic dermatitis

Symptoms

The symptoms of a peanut allergy can vary in severity and may include:

• Mild symptoms:
  • Hives or itchy skin
  • Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
  • Stomach cramps
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
• Severe symptoms:
  • Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause:
  • Constriction of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing
  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Falling blood pressure
  • Loss of consciousness

Diagnosis

A peanut allergy is typically diagnosed based on a combination of:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Skin prick test (SPT) or blood tests to measure the level of allergy-related antibodies in the blood
• Elimination diet, where peanuts are removed from the diet for a period of time to see if symptoms improve
• Oral food challenge, where small amounts of peanut are given under medical supervision to assess the reaction

Treatment and Management

The primary treatment for peanut allergy is avoidance of peanuts and peanut products. In cases of accidental exposure, treatment may include:

• Antihistamines or corticosteroids to relieve mild symptoms
• Epinephrine injections (e.g., EpiPen) to treat anaphylaxis
• Oxygen therapy and other supportive care in severe cases

Prevention

There is no sure way to prevent a peanut allergy, but some studies suggest that:

• Introducing peanuts early in infancy (around 4-6 months) may reduce the risk of developing an allergy
• Breastfeeding and a balanced diet during pregnancy and lactation may also have a protective effect

Living with Peanut Allergy

Managing a peanut allergy requires careful attention to food labels, avoidance of cross-contamination, and preparation for emergency situations. It is essential to:

• Read food labels carefully and avoid products that contain peanuts or have been processed in facilities that also handle peanuts
• Carry an EpiPen or other epinephrine injector at all times
• Inform friends, family, and caregivers about the allergy and emergency procedures

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a peanut allergy?
An immune system reaction to peanuts.

What are symptoms of a peanut allergy?
Hives, itching, swelling, stomach cramps, diarrhea.

Can peanut allergy be life-threatening?
Yes, it can cause anaphylaxis.

What is anaphylaxis?
A severe, whole-body allergic reaction.

How is peanut allergy diagnosed?
Through skin prick test or blood tests.

Can peanut allergy be cured?
No, but symptoms can be managed.

How is a peanut allergy treated?
With epinephrine and avoidance of peanuts.

What should I do if I have a peanut allergy?
Carry an EpiPen and read food labels.

Can you outgrow a peanut allergy?
Sometimes, but not always.

Are there any alternatives to peanuts?
Yes, such as sunflower seeds or tree nuts.