Peptic Ulcer

A peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the inside lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine. The most common symptoms of a peptic ulcer are burning stomach pain and bleeding.

Causes

Peptic ulcers are typically caused by an infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin. Other factors that can contribute to the development of peptic ulcers include:

• Excessive acid production in the stomach
• Weakened lining of the stomach or small intestine
• Cigarette smoking
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Stress

Symptoms

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer can vary, but common signs include:

• Burning stomach pain that may come and go
• Pain that occurs when the stomach is empty or at night
• Bloating and discomfort
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Blood in the stool or black, tarry stools

Diagnosis

A diagnosis of a peptic ulcer is typically made using a combination of the following tests:

• Endoscopy: a procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of the stomach and small intestine
• Upper gastrointestinal series: an X-ray test that uses barium to visualize the upper digestive system
• Blood tests: to check for H. pylori infection or anemia
• Stool tests: to check for blood in the stool

Treatment

Treatment for a peptic ulcer typically involves a combination of medications and lifestyle changes, including:

• Antibiotics: to treat H. pylori infection
• Acid-reducing medications: such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine-2 (H2) blockers
• Protective medications: such as sucralfate or misoprostol
• Lifestyle changes: such as avoiding NSAIDs, quitting smoking, and reducing stress

Complications

If left untreated, a peptic ulcer can lead to serious complications, including:

• Bleeding: which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
• Perforation: a hole in the wall of the stomach or small intestine that can lead to peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity)
• Obstruction: a blockage of the digestive tract that can prevent food from passing through

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing a peptic ulcer, it is recommended to:

• Avoid NSAIDs or use them with caution
• Quit smoking
• Reduce stress
• Eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Get regular check-ups to monitor for H. pylori infection

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a peptic ulcer?
A sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

What causes peptic ulcers?
Bacteria, acid, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

What are symptoms of peptic ulcers?
Abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting.

How are peptic ulcers diagnosed?
Endoscopy, imaging tests, blood tests.

Can peptic ulcers be treated?
Yes, with medication and lifestyle changes.

What medications treat peptic ulcers?
Antacids, acid reducers, antibiotics.

Can diet affect peptic ulcers?
Yes, avoiding spicy foods and alcohol helps.

Are peptic ulcers contagious?
No, not directly contagious.

Can stress cause peptic ulcers?
Stress can exacerbate existing ulcers.

Can peptic ulcers lead to complications?
Yes, such as bleeding or perforation.