Periodontal Disease and Gingivitis

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a chronic bacterial infection of the gums and bone that support the teeth. It is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. The disease is characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone that hold the teeth in place.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of periodontal disease is the accumulation of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, on the teeth. Plaque can lead to the formation of tartar, a hard deposit that can only be removed by a dental professional. Other risk factors for periodontal disease include:

• Smoking and tobacco use
• Poor oral hygiene
• Family history of periodontal disease
• Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease
• Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause
• Malocclusion (bad bite)

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is the earliest stage of periodontal disease. It is characterized by inflammation of the gums, which can cause redness, swelling, and bleeding. Gingivitis is often reversible with proper oral hygiene and professional dental care.

Stages of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease progresses through several stages, including:

• Gingivitis: inflammation of the gums
• Early periodontitis: destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
• Moderate periodontitis: further destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, with possible tooth mobility
• Advanced periodontitis: severe destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, with significant tooth mobility and possible tooth loss

Symptoms

Symptoms of periodontal disease may include:

• Bleeding gums
• Redness and swelling of the gums
• Bad breath (halitosis)
• Loose teeth
• Painful chewing
• Receding gums

Treatment

Treatment for periodontal disease depends on the stage and severity of the disease. It may include:

• Professional dental cleaning (prophylaxis)
• Scaling and root planing to remove plaque and tartar from below the gum line
• Antibiotics or antimicrobial mouthwashes to control infection
• Surgery to repair damaged periodontal tissue and bone
• Dental implants or other restorative procedures to replace lost teeth

Prevention

Prevention is key to avoiding periodontal disease. Good oral hygiene practices, including:

• Brushing teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
• Flossing once a day to remove plaque and food particles from between the teeth
• Regular dental check-ups and cleanings
• Avoiding tobacco use and smoking
• Eating a healthy, balanced diet

can help prevent periodontal disease and maintain good oral health.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is periodontal disease?
Infection of gums and bone supporting teeth.

What is gingivitis?
Inflammation of gums due to plaque buildup.

What causes periodontal disease?
Bacteria in dental plaque.

What are symptoms of gingivitis?
Red, swollen, bleeding gums.

Can periodontal disease be prevented?
Yes, with regular brushing and flossing.

How is periodontal disease diagnosed?
Dental exam, X-rays, probing.

Can gingivitis be treated?
Yes, with professional cleaning and improved oral hygiene.

What are complications of untreated periodontal disease?
Tooth loss, increased risk of heart disease.

Is periodontal disease contagious?
No, but bacteria can be transmitted.

Can periodontal disease be cured?
Treatment can manage disease, but not cure it.