Pruritus

Pruritus, also known as itch, is an unpleasant sensation that causes a person to want to scratch the affected area. It is a common symptom that can be caused by a variety of factors, including skin conditions, systemic diseases, and external stimuli.

Causes of Pruritus

• Skin conditions: eczema (atopic dermatitis), psoriasis, contact dermatitis, lichen planus, and keratosis pilaris
• Systemic diseases: kidney disease, liver disease, thyroid disorders, diabetes, and certain types of cancer (e.g., lymphoma, leukemia)
• External stimuli: insect bites, dry skin, soaps, detergents, and other irritants
• Neurological conditions: multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, and shingles (herpes zoster)
• Nutritional deficiencies: vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, and zinc deficiency
• Pregnancy and hormonal changes: pruritus can occur during pregnancy or with hormonal fluctuations during menopause or puberty

Types of Pruritus

• Acute pruritus: sudden onset, typically lasts for a short period (less than 6 weeks)
• Chronic pruritus: persistent itch that lasts for more than 6 weeks
• Generalized pruritus: affects the entire body
• Localized pruritus: affects a specific area of the body

Symptoms and Signs

• Itching sensation, which can range from mild to severe
• Scratching, which can lead to skin damage, infection, or scarring
• Redness, swelling, or inflammation of the affected area
• Small bumps or blisters (papules or vesicles)
• Dry, cracked, or thickened skin (lichenification)

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing pruritus involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Topical creams or ointments (e.g., corticosteroids, antihistamines, or moisturizers)
• Oral medications (e.g., antihistamines, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressants)
• Lifestyle changes (e.g., avoiding irritants, using gentle soaps, and maintaining good skin hygiene)

Complications

If left untreated or poorly managed, pruritus can lead to complications such as:

• Skin infections (e.g., cellulitis, impetigo)
• Scarring or skin damage from scratching
• Sleep disturbances and fatigue
• Anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is pruritus?
Pruritus is the medical term for itching.

What are common causes of pruritus?
Dry skin, allergies, insect bites, and skin conditions like eczema.

Can internal diseases cause pruritus?
Yes, liver disease, kidney disease, and thyroid disorders.

Is pruritus contagious?
Generally no, but can be if caused by a contagious skin condition.

How is pruritus diagnosed?
Physical exam, medical history, and sometimes blood tests or skin scraping.

What are common treatments for pruritus?
Moisturizers, topical creams, oral antihistamines, and corticosteroids.

Can pruritus be a symptom of cancer?
Yes, in some cases, like lymphoma or liver cancer.

Are there any home remedies for pruritus?
Cool baths, oatmeal, and avoiding scratching.

Can pruritus affect mental health?
Yes, it can cause anxiety, stress, and sleep disturbances.

When should I see a doctor for pruritus?
If itching is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms.