Septicaemia

Septicaemia, also known as sepsis, is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection becomes uncontrolled and causes widespread inflammation.

Definition

Septicaemia is defined as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by a suspected or documented infection, leading to organ dysfunction or failure.

Causes

Septicaemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or skin infections
• Viral infections, such as influenza or COVID-19
• Fungal infections, such as candidiasis
• Parasitic infections, such as malaria

Symptoms

The symptoms of septicaemia can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

• Fever or hypothermia
• Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
• Tachypnea (rapid breathing rate)
• Confusion or altered mental status
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea or abdominal pain
• Hypotension (low blood pressure)

Stages

Septicaemia can progress through several stages, including:

• SIRS: a systemic inflammatory response to an infection
• Sepsis: SIRS with a suspected or documented infection
• Severe sepsis: sepsis with organ dysfunction or failure
• Septic shock: severe sepsis with hypotension that is not responsive to fluid resuscitation

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of septicaemia is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Common diagnostic tests include:

• Complete blood count (CBC) with differential
• Blood cultures
• Urinalysis and urine culture
• Chest radiograph or other imaging studies

Treatment

The treatment of septicaemia depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Common treatments include:

• Antibiotics: to treat the underlying infection
• Fluid resuscitation: to maintain blood pressure and perfusion of vital organs
• Vasopressors: to support blood pressure
• Oxygen therapy: to support respiratory function
• Supportive care: to manage organ dysfunction or failure

Complications

Septicaemia can lead to several complications, including:

• Organ dysfunction or failure (e.g. acute kidney injury, respiratory failure)
• Coagulopathy (blood clotting disorders)
• Cardiovascular collapse
• Mortality: septicaemia has a high mortality rate, especially if left untreated or undertreated

Prevention

Prevention of septicaemia involves:

• Practicing good hygiene and infection control measures
• Receiving recommended vaccinations (e.g. influenza, pneumococcal)
• Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use
• Seeking medical attention promptly if symptoms of infection occur

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is septicaemia?
A life-threatening condition caused by a bacterial infection in the blood.

What are the symptoms of septicaemia?
Fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure.

How is septicaemia diagnosed?
Through blood tests and physical examination.

What causes septicaemia?
Bacterial infections, often from wounds or urinary tract infections.

Can septicaemia be treated?
Yes, with antibiotics and supportive care.

Is septicaemia contagious?
No, it is not directly contagious.

Who is at risk of developing septicaemia?
People with weakened immune systems, older adults, and young children.

What are the complications of septicaemia?
Organ failure, septic shock, and death.

How can septicaemia be prevented?
Through proper wound care, hygiene, and vaccination.

What is the prognosis for someone with septicaemia?
Depends on prompt treatment and underlying health conditions.